Glossary

Illustrated glossary

If the sign "+" occurs before a caption under an image, click on the image to see an enlarged version of it. So, for example, the first entry to the right of "Apetalous" has a "+." Click on the "+" picture and you'll see an enlarged version of Comandra umbellata.
Definitions of terms are taken from _Plant Terminology_ by James G. Harris and Melinda Wollf Harris.

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Acaulescent ---
"without a stem"
i) peduncle -- "the stalk of a solitary flower"

+ peduncle (Tetraneuris acaulis var. acaulis)

+ (Oenothera caespitosa)

Achene(s) ---
"a small dry, indehiscent fruit with a single locule and a single seed -- the seed is attached to the ovary at a single point"
i) awn -- "narrow, bristlelike appendage"
ii) plumose -- "feathery"

with two awns (Bidens frondosa)

+ with plumose style (Cercocarpus montanus)

Ament --- see "Inflorescence"

Anther --- see "Stamen"

Apetalous ---
"without petals"

+ (Comandra umbellata)

+ (Caltha leptosepala)

+ (Anemone canadensis)

Areolas --- See "Glochids"

Astylous --- see "Pistil"

Berries ---
"fleshy fruits"

+ closely investing spiny calyx (Solanum rostratum)

+ (Elaeagnus angustifolia)

Bracts -- see "Involucre"

Bud ---
"an undeveloped shoot or flower"

+ cluster (Astragalus agrestis)

+ scales (Physocarpus monogynous)

+ (Ulmus pumila)

Bur (or burr) ---
"a structure armed with often hooked or barbed spines or appendages"

with hooked spines (Arctium minus)

Calyx ---
"the outer perianth whorl -- collective term for all of the sepals of a flower"
i) connate -- "fused"
ii) foliaceous -- "leaf-like"

connate sepals (Peritoma serrulata)

+ free, reflexed sepals (Saxifraga chrysantha)

+ foliaceous outer lobes (Comastoma tenellum)

+ linear sepal (Campanula rotundifolia)

+ toothed margins (Penstemon glaber var. alpinus)

+ hooded sepal (Aconitum columbianum)

iii) campanulate -- "bell-shaped"
iv) accrescent -- "becoming larger with age"

+ campanulate, accrescent (Hibiscus trionum)

+ fan-shaped, translucent sepal wings (Salsola tragus)

+ campanulate, magenta (Mirabilis multiflora)

v) scutellum -- "a small plate-like or shield-like structure"

+ glandular (Collomia linearis)

+ limb (Comandra umbellata)

+ with scutellum (Scutellaria brittonii)

vi) bilabiate -- "two-lipped"
vii) gibbous (ventricose) -- "swollen or enlarged on one side"

+ bilabiate (Catalpa speciosa)

+ gibbous, ventricose (Hedeoma drummondii)

+ spur (Delphinium carolinianum ssp. virescens)

vii) petaloid -- "petal-like in appearance"

+ spurred sepal (Delphinium geyeri)

+ sepals with hooked spurs (Aquilegia saximontana)

+ petaloid sepals (Aquilegia caerulea)

viii) awn - "a narrow, bristlelike appendage"

+ awn-tipped sepal (Geranium caespitosum)

+ campanulate calyx (Streptanthus cordatus var. cordatus)

+ calyx tube (Saponaria officinalis)

ix) epicalyx -- "an involucre that resembles an outer calyx"

+ epicalyx bractlet (Geum triflorum)

+ with black hairs (Astragalus laxmanii var. robustior)

+ strongly reflexed sepals (Oenothera caespitosa)

x) strigose -- "bearing straight, stiff, sharp appressed hairs"
xi) carinate -- "keeled with one or more longitudinal ridges"

+ strigose calyx tube (Astragalus gracilis)

+ carinate (Phlox longifolia)

Capsule -- see "Fruit"

Catkin --- see "Inflorescence"

Cone ---
"a dense cluster of sporophylls on an axis -- a strobilus"

+ staminate (Pinus edulis)

+ pistillate (Pinus edulis)

+ pistillate (Abies bifolia)

Corolla ---
"the collective names for all of the petals of a flower; the inner perianth whorl"

+ green, tubular (Castilleja occidentalis)

+ tubular-funnelform (Gentiana algida)

+ fringed lobes (Gentainella acuta)

i) bilabiate -- "two-lipped"
ii) plait -- "a fold or pleat"
iii) sinus -- "the cleft, depression or recess between two lobes of an expanded organ such as a petal"

+ bilabiate (Penstemon whippleanus)

+ pouches on lower lip (Orthocarpus cuspidatus var. cryptanthus)

+ plaits at the sinuses (Gentiana parryi)

iv) urceolate -- "pitcher-like"
v) salverform -- "slender tube and abruptly flattened petals"
vi) erose -- "irregularly toothed margin"
vii) fornix -- "a small crest in the throat of a corolla"

+ urceolate (Muscari neglectum)

+ salverform, erose lobes (Lithospermum incisum)

+ yellow fornix (Oreocarya virgata)

viii) papilionaceous -- "butterfly-like"
ix) ochroleucous -- "yellowish-white"

+ reflexed lobe (Dodecatheon pulchellum)

+ papilionaceous (Astragalus parryi)

+ ochroleucous (Astragalus laxmannii var. robustior)

x) undulate, repand -- "with a slightly wavy margin"
xi) funnelform -- "gradually widening from base to apex"

+ undulate, repand (Catalpa speciosa)

+ closed corolla lobes (Lithospermum occidentale)

+ funnelform (Ipomopsis aggregata)

Corona ---
"petal-like or crown-like structures between the petals and stamens in some flowers"

+ hoods around horns (Asclepias incarnata)

+ (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)

Cyathium ---
"the inflorescence in the genus Euphorbia, consisting of a cup-like involucre containing a single pistil and male flowers with a single stamen"

+ cyathium (Euphorbia brachycera)

+ cyathium (Euphorbia dentata)

Cyme --- see "Inflorescence"

Dicotyledonous ---
"with two seed leaves"

+ (Eremalche rotundifolia)

Drupe --- See "Fruit"

Fascicle ---
"a tight bundle or cluster"

+ (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum)

+ (Ulmus pumila)

Filament --- see "Stamen"

Floret ---
"a small flower; an individual flower within a dense cluster"
i) ligule -- "strap-shaped"

+ ray (Hieracium albiflorum)

+ disk (Hymenopappus filifolius)

+ reflexed ligule (Echinacea angustifolia)

Flowers ---
i) perfect (bixesual)-- "with both stamens and pistils"
actinomorphic --"radially symmetrical"
ii) zygomorphic -- bilaterally symmetrical"

+ perfect, actinomorphic (Gilia sinuata)

+ zygomorphic (Psoralidium lanceolatum)

+ yellow banner (Dalea formosa)

iii) pistillate -- "bearing a pistil or pistils but lacking stamens"
iv) staminate -- "bearing stamens but not pistils"
v) unisexual -- pistillate or staminate

+ pistillate (Thalictrum occidentale)

+ staminate (Thalictrum dasycarpum)

+ pistillate, imperfect (Humulus lupulus)

+ pistillate (Acer negundo)

+ staminate (Acer negundo)

+ pistillate (Euphorbia marginata)

vi) disk flowers -- the inner flowers in a member of the Asteraceae family
vii) ray flowers -- the outer
flowers in a member of the Asteraceae family

+ Gaillardia aristata with red disk flowers and yellow ray flowers

Follicle -- see "Fruit"

Fruit ---
i) follcle -- "a dry fruit opening on a single side"
ii) indehiscent -- ''not opening along definite lines"
iii) legume -- "a dehiscent fruit opening along two lines"

+ follicle (Asclepias speciosa)

+ fruiting head (Sagittaria cuneata)

+ sessile, indehiscent legume (Glycyrrhiza lepidota)

iv) poricidal -- "opening by pores"
v) silicle -- "a dry, dehiscent fruit"

+ ellipsoid legume (Astragalus missouriensis)

+ poricidal capsule (Papaver orientale)

+ orbicular silicle (Lepidium virginicum)

vi) schizocarp -- "a dry, indehiscent fruit that splits into separate 1-seeded segments"
vii) cypsela -- "resembles an achene but is surrounded by a calyx sheath"

+ spiny schizocarp (Tribulus terrestris)

cypsela (Liatris punctata)

+ triangular silicle (Capsella bursa-pastoris)

viii) samara -- "a dry, indehiscent winged fruit"
ix) pericarp -- "the wall of the fruit"

+ siliques on pedicels (Descurainia sophia)

+ two-winged samara (Acer glabrum)

+ pericarp (Prunus pensylvanica)

+ seed - 6 mm (Prunus pensylvanica)

+ samara (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)

+ seed - 13 mm (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)

x) drupe -- "a fleshy, indehiscent fruit"

+ indehiscent (Mammillaria grahamii)

+ drupes (Rhus aromatica var. trilobata)

+ schizocarp (Abutilon theophrasti)

xi) capsule -- "a dry, dehiscent fruit"
xii) obcompressed -- "compressed opposite the usual way"
xiii) pome - "a fleshy, indehiscent fruit"

+ capsule - 4 mm (Jamesia americana)

+ obcompressed legumes (Astragalus bisulcatus)

+ pomes (Crataegus succulenta)

+ (Prunus americanus)

+ capsule (Epilobium hirsutum)

+ loculicidal capsule (Hibiscus trionum)

+ apically broadly winged, apical notch (Lepidium campestre)

+ cylindric capsule (Mentzelia multiflora)

+ samara (Ulmus pumila)

+ 3-lobed capsules (Muscari neglectum)

+ seed (Euonymus europaeus)

Fruiting bracteoles
bracteoles -- "a small bract"

+ four-winged (Atriplex canescens)

Fruiting pedicels
pedicel -- "the stalk of an individual flower of fruit"

+ (Descurainia sophia)

Galea ---
"the hemet-shaped or hood-like upper lip of some two-lipped corollas"

+ with an elongated, upcurved beak (Pedicularis groenlandica)

Gland ---
"an appendage, protuberance, or other structure which secretes sticky or oily substances"

+ two, fringed (Frasera speciosa)

+ oil glands on phyllaries (Thymophylla acerosa)

Glochids ---
"barbed hairs or bristles"

+ on areoles (Opuntia polyacantha)

+ Opuntia macrorhiza

Glomerule ---
"a dense cluster"

+ (Chenopodium simplex)

Gynophore -- see "Stalk"

Gynostegium ---
"a structure formed from the fusion of the anthers with the stigmatic region of the gynoecium"

+ (Asclepias asperula ssp. asperula)

Hairs ---
i) basifixed -- "attached by the base"
ii) villous -- "bearing long, soft, shaggy, but unmatted hairs"
iii) stellate -- "star-shaped"

+ basifixed pubescence (Astragalus gracilis)

+ villous (Evolvulus nuttallianus)

+ stalked stellate (Solanum rostratum)

iv) strigose -- "bearing straight, stiff, sharp, appressed hairs"

+ strigose (Mertensia brevistyla)

Head(s) ---
i) corymbiform -- " the lower pedicels are longer than the upper"

+ radiate (Townsendia grandiflora)

+ discoid (Cirsium undulatum)

+ corymbiform array (Achillea millefolium)

Hips ---
"a berry-like structure"

+ (Rosa woodsii)

Hypanthium ---
i) salverform -- "with a slender tube and an abruptly spreading, flattened limb"

+ tube (Ribes aureum)

+ salverform (Cercoarpus montanus)

+ flattened (Mitella pentandra)

+ (Ribes inerme)

Inflorescence --
i) thyrse -- "a compact, cylindrical or ovate panicle"
ii) bracteate -- "with reduced leaf-like structures at the base of the flowers"
iii) cyme --terminal flowers bloom first"

+ thyrse (Penstemon whippleanus)

+ bracteate (Prunella vulgaris)

+ cyme (Collomia linearis)

iv) glomerule -- "a dense cluster"

+ glomerule (Chenopodium capitatum)

+ spike (Verbena hastata)

+ elongated panicle (Conyza canadensis)

vii) verticillaster -- "opposite axillary cymes forming a false whorl"

+ terminal raceme (Yucca glauca)

+ discoid (Matricaria discoidea)

+ verticillaster (Stachys coccinea)

viii) helicoid -- "coiled like a spiral or helix"
ix) subcapitate --"almost head-like"

+ diffuse (Gilia sinuata)

+ helicoid cyme (Phacelia hastata)

+ subcapitate (Astragalus laxmannii var. robustior)

+ umbel (Heracleum maximum)

+ conic thyrse (Micranthes rhomboidea)

+ globular raceme (Rhus aromatica var. trilobata)

x) corymb -- "lower pedicels longer than the upper"
xi) spicate -- "arranged in a spike"

+ open, lax thyrse (Micranthes odontoloma)

+ corymb (Lepidium draba))

+ spicate (Pedicularis scopulorum)

xii) ebracteate -- "without bracts"

+ semi-capitate cyme (Cornus canadensis)

+ pistillate catkin (Alnus incana var. tenuifolia)

+ ebracteate raceme (Streptanthus cordatus var. cordatus)

xiii) pseudanthium -- "a compact inflorence of many small flowers which simulates a single flower"

+ ovoid (Bistorta bistortoides)

+ pistillate catkins (Salix bebbiana)

+ pseudanthium (Echinacea angustifollia)

+ terminal raceme (Persicaria amphibia)

+ capitate cyme (Hydrophyllum fendleri)

+ sessile, axillary clusters (Lycopus americanus)

+ female ament (Populus deltoides)

xiv) umbel -- "a flat-topped or convex infloresence with the pedicels arising from a common point."

+ Queen Anne's lace (Daucus caudata)

Involucre --- "a whorl of bracts subtending a flower or flower cluster"
i) ciliolate -- "with a marginal fringe of minute hairs"

+ wooly-villous (Erigeron grandiflorus)

+ bracts with ciliolate margins (Tonestus pygmaeus)

+ abruptly narrowed apex on bract (Helianthus anuus)

+ spine-tipped bracts (Salsola tragus)

+ foliaceous bracts (Humulus lupulus)

+ imbricate, reflexed bracts (Grindelia squarrosa)

ii) excurrent -- "extending beyond the apex"
iii) imbricate -- "overlapping like shingles on a roof"
iv) ciliate -- "with a marginal fringe of hairs"

+ bract with excurrent midrib (Carduus nutans)

+ imbricate, hirsute bracts (Heterotheca villosa)

bracts with ciliate margin (Symphyotrichum ericoides)

v) epicalyx -- "an involucre that resembles a calyx"

+ white bracts (Orthocarpus cuspidatus var. cryptanthus)

+ epicalyx bractlet (Geum triflorum)

+ oil glands on phyllaries (Thymophylla acerosa)

vi) scarious -- "thin, dry, and membranous in texture"

bract with scarious margin (Liatris punctata)

+ foliaceous, villous-hispid (Veronica wormskjoldii)

+ obtriangular, 3-cleft bracts (Anemone narcissus var. zephyra)

vii) arachnoid -- "bearing long, cobwebby, entangled hairs"

+ arachnoid-hairy (Cirsium scopulorum)

+ bracteoles (Senecio bigelovii var. hallii)

+ imbricate bracts w/ scarious margins (Achillea millefolium)

viii) acuminate -- "gradually tapering to a sharp point"
ix) glandular-stipitate -- "bearing stalked glands"

+ bracts: gland-dotted, acuminate tips (Dieteria bigelovii)

+ glandular-stipitate bracts (Symphyotrichum campestre)

+ petaloid bracts (Anemopsis californica)

Leaf (Leaves) ---
i) connate -- "fusion of like parts"

+ connate basally (Minuartia obtusiloba)

+ pinnately compound (Potentilla fruticosa)

+ basal rosette (Saxifraga chrysantha)

ii) involute -- "margins rolled inward toward the upper side"
iii) revolute -- "margins rolled backward to the under side"
iv) ciliate -- "with a marginal fringe of hairs"

+ linear, involute margin (Gentiana algida)

+ revolute margin (Bistorta bistortoides)

+ ciliate margins (Erigeron grandiflorus)

vi) pinnatifid -- "lobed on both sides of the leaf axis"
vii) arcuate -- "curved into an arch, like a bow"

+ pinnatifid, spiny margin (Cirsium scopulorum)

+ arcuately veined (Mertensia ciliata)

+ pinnately dissected (Achillea millefolium)

viii) serrate -- "saw-like; sharp teeth pointing forward"

+ serrate margin (Sambucus racemosa)

+ clasping (Platanthera dilatata)

+ palmately lobed (Echinocystis lobata)

ix) sessile -- "attached directly with no supporting stalk"
x) cauline -- "leaves arising from the stem above ground level"

+ palmately compound (Potentilla glaucophylla var. glaucophylla)

+ opposite, sessile and cauline (Penstemon whippleanus)

+ three-nerved from the base (Ceanothus fendleri)

xi) saggitate -- "arrow-head shaped"
xii) petiolate -- "wih a leaf stalk"

+ sagittate (Sagittaria cuneata)

+ ovate, petiolate (Mirabilis multiflora)

+ elliptic (Amorpha fruticosa)

xiii) auriculate -- "with ear-shaped appendages"

+ auriculate (Lepidium campestre)

+ palmately compound (Oxalis dillenii)

+ pinnatifid (Packera plattensis)

xiv) rachis -- "the main axis of a compound leaf"
xv) filiform -- " thread-like"
xvi) punctate -- "dotted with pits or with translucent, sunken glands or with colored dots"

+ rachis (Gilia sinuata)

+ filiform (Tripleurospermum maritimum ssp. inodorum)

+ punctate (Hedeoma drummondii)

xvii) reniform -- "kidney-shaped"

+ linear, incurved, whorled (Asclepias subverticillata)

spinuolose tip (Symphyotrichum ericoides)

+ reniform (Oxyria digyna)

xviii) cordate -- "heart-shaped"
xix) rosulate -- "leaves arranged in basal rosettes"
xx) acicular -- "needle-shaped"

+ cordate (Heuchera parvifolia)

+ rosulate (Physaria bellii)

+ acicular (Minuartia obtusiloba)

xxi) canescent -- "gray or white in color due to fine gray or white hairs"
xxii) tomentose -- "covering of short, matted or tangled, soft, wooly hairs"

+ broadly ovate, serrate margins (Micranthes rhomboidea)

+ canescent (Senecio atratus)

+ tomentose (Antennaria media)

xxiii) cartilaginous -- "tough and firm but elastic and flexible"

+ cartilaginous margins (Pedicularis parryi)

+ petiole (Anemone narcissiflora var. zephyra)

+ pinnately veined (Chamerion angustifolium)

palmately veined (Maianthemum racemosum ssp. amplexicaule)

+ trifoliate (Peritoma serrulata)

+ awl-shaped (Juniperus scopulorum)

xxiv) scurfy -- "covered with small, bran-like scales"

+ whorled (Galium aparine)

+ diamond-shaped (Clarkia rhomboidea)

scurfy (Atriplex canescens)

xxv) decussate -- "leaves arranged along the stem in pairs, with each pair at right angles to its neighboring pair"

+ alternate, sessile (Atriplex canescens)

+ cauline, auriculate-clasping (Streptanthus cordatus var. cordatus)

+ decussate (Sedum debile)

xxvi) distichous -- "in two vertical rows on opposite sides of the stem"
xxvii) filiferous -- thread-like"

+ imbricate (Phlox muscoides)

+ distichous (Maianthemum stellatum)

+ filiferous margins (Yucca baccata)

xxix) coriaceous -- "with a leathery texture"

+ gland-dotted (Acer glabrum)

+ pinnately trifoliate (Melilotus officinalis)

+ coriaceous (Lathyrus eucosmus)

xxx) biternate -- "members of a three-part division of leaves divided into three parts"

+ cordate-clasping (Conringia orientalis)

+ biternate (Osmorhiza berteroi)

+ crisped, ciliolate margins (Nothocalais cuspidata)

xxxi) stipules -- "leaf-like appendages at base of petiole"
xxxii) perfoliate -"leaf margins surrounding the stem"
xxxiii) flocose adaxially -- "long, tangled hairs on the side towards the axis"

+ foliaceous stipules (Thermopsis rhombifolia)

+ perfoliate (Lepidium perfoliatum)

+ floccose adaxially (Eriogonum umbellatum var. umbellatum)

+ white lanate abaxially (Eriogonum umbellatum var. umbellatum)

+ white pubescence (Eriogonum umbellatum var. majus)

Legume -- see "Fruit"

Lenticel ---
"a slightly raised, somewhat corky, often lens-shaped area on the surface of a young stem"

+ beaked hazelnut

Monocotyledon ---
"plants with a single seed leaf, or cotyledon"

+ (Clintonia uniflora)

Monoecious ---
"staminate and pistillate flowers borne on the same pant"

(Pinus edulis)

Moss ---
costa -- "a rib or prominent mid-vein"

+ red costa/ long hair tips (Syntrichia ruralis)

Ocrea ---
"a sheath around the stem formed from the stipules"

+ (Persicaria lapathifolia)

+ (Bistorta bistortoides)

+ (Heracleum maximum)

Ovary --- see "Pistil"

Pappus ---
"consists of awns, scales, setae, or bristles at the apex of the achene"

plumose bristles (Liatris punctata)

+ barbellate bristles (Arnica rydbergii)

scales (Helianthus nuttallii)

retorsely barbed awns (Bidens cernua)

setae (Erigeron strigosus)

Parasite ---
"an organism that obtains its food or water, at least partly, from a host organism"

+ (Orobanche fasciculata)

+ hemiparasite (Castilleja exserta)

Pedicel --- see "Stalk"

Peduncle --- see "Stalk"

Perianth ---
"the calyx and corolla, collectively"
i) tepals -- "a sepal or a petal"

+ tepals (Allium textile)

+ pink tepals (Escobaria vivipara)

+ 6 tepals (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)

Petal(s) ---
i) non-connate -- "separate"
ii) clawed -- "with a narrow base"

+ two-lobed (Silene acaulis)

+ non-connate, free (Potentilla glaucophylla)

+ clawed (Oenothera suffrutescens)

iii) banner -- "the upper and usually largest petal of a papilionaceous flower"
plicate -- "plaited or folded"

+ banner (top), wings (below) (Oxytropis lambertii)

+ unipetalous, only a banner (Amorpha fruticosa)

+ fused, plicate (Convolvulus arvensis)

iv) maculate -- "spotted or blotched"
v) labellum -- "the exceptional petal of an orchid blossom"

+ maculate keel (Astragalus parryi)

two spurred upper petals (Delphinium nuttallianum)

+ labellum (Corallorhiza wisteriana)

vi) keel -- "a prominent longitudinal ridge"
obcordate -- "deeply notched apex"

+ keel - united petals (Hedysarum boreale)

+ pouch-shaped lower lip (Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens)

+ obcordate (Berteroa incana)

vii) spur -- "a small, sac-like appendage of a petal or sepal"
fimbriate -- "fringed
along the margin"

+ spur (Viola adunca)

+ fimbriate (Parnassia fimbriata)

Phyllaries --- See "Involucre"

Pistil ---
"the female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of a stigma, style and ovary"
i) ovary -- "the expanded basal portion of the pistil"
ii) stigma -- "portion of the pistil that is receptive to pollen"

ovary

three-lobed stigma (Campanula rotundifolia)

+ four-lobed stigma (Oenothera villosa)

iii) inferior ovary --"attached beneath the other flower whorls"

+ inferior ovary (Chamerion angustifolium)

+ four-lobed stigma (Chamerion angustifolium)

+ superior ovary (Anemone cylindrica)

iv) style -- "the narrow portion of the pistil connecting the stigma to the ovary"
v) stylopodium -- "a disk-like expansion at the base of the style"

+ style (Campanula rotundifolia)

+ 2-lobed stylopodium (Conium maculatum)

sessile stigma on superior ovary (Actaea rubra)

exserted style (Lithospermum occidentale)

+ crested ovary, six processes (Allium macropetalum)

+ capitate stigma (Veronica anagallis-aquatica)

+ protruding style (Brickellia eupatorioides)

+ astylous (Reseda lutea)

+ globose stigma (Taraxia tanacetifolia)

+ stylar column (Erodium cicutarium)

+ styles not jointed (Geum rossii var. turbinata)

+ orbicular stigma (Prunus virginiana)

+ style (Berteroa incana)

+ four-lobed stigma (Oenothera coronopifolia)

+ with persistent styles (Clematis liguisticifolia)

Plant ---
i) pulvinate -- "cushion-like or mat-like"

+ pulvinate (Phlox muscoides)

+ mat-forming (Minuartia obtusiloba)

+ subcaulescent, caespitose (Trifolium dasyphyllum)

ii) virgate -- "wand-like, straight, slender, and erect"
iii) lactiferous -- "containing a milky latex"
iv) unisexual -- "not containing both male and female reproductive parts"

+ virgate (Penstemon unilateris)

+ lactiferous (Asclepias speciosa)

+ unisexual (Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis)

v) decumbent -- "reclining on the ground but with the tip ascending"
vi) papillose -- "having short, rounded, nipple-like bumps or projections"

+ decumbent (Astragalus pectinatus)

+ papillose (Chorispora tenella)

Pome -- see "Fruit"

Pseudanthium -- See "Inflorescence"

Receptacle ---
i) chaffy -- "with thin, dry scales or bracts"

+ columnar (Ratibida columnifera)

naked (Symphyotrichum ericoides)

chaffy (Gaillardia aristata)

+ chaffy (Ratibida columnifera)

Samara --- See "Fruit"

Saprophyte ---
"a plant living on dead, organic matter"

+ (Corallorhiza maculata)

Schizocarp --- See "Fruit"

Scutellum ---
"a small plate-like or shield-like structure"

+ scutellum (Scutellaria brittonii)

Seed --- See "Fruit"

Sepals --- see "Calyx"

Sheath ---
"the portion of an organ which surrounds, at least partially, another organ"

+ (Corallorhiza maculata)

Silicle -- see "Fruit"

Silique --- see "Fruit

Sorus (pl. sori) --
"a cluster of sporangia on a fern leaf"

+ (Polypodium saximontanum)

Spadix ---
"a spike with small flowers crowded on a single axis"

+ (Lysichiton americanus)

Spathe ---
"a large bract or pair of bracts subtending and often enclosing an inflorescence"

+ (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)

+ (Arisaema triphyllum)

Stalk ---
i) pedicel -- "the stalk of a single flower"
ii) peduncle -- "the stalk of an infloresence"
iii) stipe -- "a stalk supportin a structure"

+ pedicel (Epilobium ciliatum)

+ peduncle (Sphenosciadium capitellatum)

+ stipe (Atriplex canescens)

iv) gynophore -- "an elongated stalk bearing the pistil"

+ gynophore (Peritoma serrulata)

Stamen ---
"the male reproductive organ, consisting of an anther and a filament"
i) staminode -- "a modified stamen which is sterile, producing no pollen"
ii) anther -- "bears the pollen"

+ staminode with hairs at apex (Penstemon virens)

+ ten (Saxifraga chrysantha)

+ anther (Geranium caespitosum)

iii) filament -- "the stalk of the stamen which supports the anther"
iv) connivent -- "converging, but not fused or united"

+ hairy filaments, yellow anthers (Tradescantia occidentalis)

+ purple filaments with yellow anthers (Mirabilis hirsuta)

+ connivent around the style (Dodecatheon pulchellum)

v) epipetalous -- "attached to the petals"
vi) coalescent -- "united to form a single unit"
vii) exserted -- "projecting beyond the surrounding parts"